Why do dark circles appear?

05/02/2025

Dark circles are a hollowing that forms beneath the lower eyelid and can be accompanied by dark pigmentation. This facial condition presents a challenge for aesthetic medicine professionals and is a major concern for patients, as dark circles create a tired, sad, or even grumpy appearance, contributing to an aged look.

Causes of dark circles

Dark circles result from a loss of volume under the eyes, specifically in the area between the lower eyelid and the cheekbone. They are often accompanied by a bluish, greyish, or purplish discolouration. As the skin ages, it tends to become drier, thinner, and more fragile. As a result, dark circles become more pronounced over time, mainly due to the following causes:

• Genetics: Hereditary factors and skin pigmentation play the most significant role in the development of dark circles, making them the most challenging to treat.
• Ageing: The loss of fat tissue and thinning of the skin around the eyes are part of the natural ageing process, which enhances the appearance of dark circles.
• Lack of sleep: Fatigue and stress are major contributors to this aesthetic concern, altering the colouration of the lower eyelid due to blood vessel dilation. Dark circles caused by sleep deprivation are usually temporary and easier to remedy.
• Consumption of tobacco, alcohol, or caffeine: Nicotine and other toxic substances disrupt the synthesis of collagen and elastin, which are responsible for maintaining skin firmness.
• Hormonal changes: During hormonal fluctuations such as pregnancy, breastfeeding, or menstruation, the body increases melanin production, leading to skin hyperpigmentation and a higher likelihood of developing dark circles.
• Unhealthy diet: Poor nutrition and lack of hydration reduce blood oxygenation, affecting all body tissues, thinning the skin, and leading to a more tired appearance.
• Excessive sun exposure: Prolonged sun exposure without protection damages the delicate eye contour, accelerating ageing and promoting the formation of dark circles, as well as wrinkles and pigmentation spots.
• Stress: Anxiety and fatigue impact the body's overall function and are another significant cause of this aesthetic concern.

These unsightly facial marks often fade with lifestyle improvements and proper rest. However, specialised oculoplastic ophthalmologists offer quick and safe aesthetic treatments for dark circles.

Dr Sandra Planella, Ophthalmologist at the Barraquer Ophthalmology Centre