Common eye conditions during cold months

12/11/2024

The colder months bring not only changes in weather but also effects on eye health. Low temperatures, wind, and dry indoor heating can impact the hydration and well-being of our eyes, leading to several common conditions. Here, we explore some frequent eye issues during the cold season and ways to prevent them to keep our eyes healthy.

Dry Eye

One of the most common eye conditions in colder months is dry eye syndrome. This occurs when the eye's surface is not properly lubricated due to reduced tear production or rapid evaporation of tears. Cold, dry outdoor air and indoor heating can exacerbate  this issue by lowering humidity levels and accelerating tear evaporation.

Symptoms of dry eye include a gritty sensation, redness, irritation, itching, and blurred vision. To prevent this condition, it’s recommended to:

• Use a humidifier at home to maintain adequate indoor humidity.
• Blink frequently, especially when using electronic devices.
• Avoid direct exposure to wind or heated air.
• Use artificial tears to keep the eyes lubricated.

Conjunctivitis

Conjunctivitis, an inflammation of the conjunctiva, is also common in winter. During this season, people tend to spend more time indoors, increasing the risk of spreading viruses and bacteria that cause conjunctivitis. Viral conjunctivitis is particularly prevalent in winter, though bacterial conjunctivitis can also occur.

Symptoms of conjunctivitis include eye redness, tearing, itching, and, in some cases, thick discharge. To prevent conjunctivitis, it’s essential to:

• Wash your hands regularly and avoid touching your eyes.
• Avoid sharing personal items, such as towels or makeup.
• Avoid close contact with individuals showing symptoms of conjunctivitis.
• Ventilate indoor spaces to reduce airborne pathogens.

Blepharitis

Blepharitis, an inflammation of the eyelids, can occur year-round, tends to worsen in winter. Dry conditions and cold air can exacerbate the buildup of oils and bacteria along the eyelid margins, leading to this condition.

Symptoms of blepharitis include redness, itching, burning sensations, and crusting along the eyelashes upon waking. To prevent blepharitis, it’s recommended to:

• Maintain good eyelid hygiene, especially along the lash line, by cleaning them gently with warm water or specialized eye products.
• Avoid excessive makeup and remove it completely before bed.
• Apply warm compresses to the eyes to soften secretions and reduce inflammation.

Photophobia and eye irritation

Photophobia, or light sensitivity, is another common issue in winter, especially in snowy areas. Sunlight reflecting off snow contains ultraviolet (UV) rays, which can cause visual discomfort or even corneal damage if proper precautions are not taken. This condition, known as "snow blindness" or actinic keratitis, can be painful and may require medical attention if symptoms persist.

To avoid photophobia and the damaging effects of UV radiation reflected off snow, it’s recommended to:

• Wear sunglasses with adequate UV protection and side coverage, especially when engaging in outdoor activities like skiing or hiking in snowy areas.
• Choose polarized lenses, which help reduce glare caused by reflected light.

Inflammation of the tear ducts

During fall and winter, some people experience excessive tearing due to irritation from cold air and wind. This can block the tear ducts, leading to a condition known as dacryocystitis, a painful inflammation that often requires medical treatment.

To prevent inflammation of the tear ducts:

• Protect eyes from the wind using protective glasses or a scarf.
• Avoid rubbing your eyes with dirty hands.
• Keep the eye area clean to reduce infection risk.

Winter poses challenges for eye health due to weather conditions and prolonged exposure to irritants. Common eye issues such as dry eye, conjunctivitis, blepharitis, photophobia, and tear duct inflammation can be prevented with a few simple precautions. Practicing good eye hygiene, using protective eyewear, applying preservative-free artificial tears, and maintaining indoor humidity are essential steps to protect your eyes during the cold months. If symptoms persist, it’s advisable to consult a specialist for proper treatment to avoid complications. Caring for your eyes in cold weather not only improves visual comfort but also helps preserve long-term eye health.

Dr. Victor Charoenrook, Ophthalmologist at the Barraquer Ophthalmology Centre